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News: Detecting E.T. by looking for their street lights

As far as we know, Earth is the only place in the universe where life exists and indeed, flourishes. We have been fascinated with the thought of alien life for many years and within the last century even begun searching for signs of it in the form of their transmissions and signals with programmes such as SETI.

A recent publication by Professors Avi Loeb of Harvard University and Edwin Turner of Princeton University has suggested that we could feasibly begin to search for extra-terrestrial civilisations with the next generation of observatories by looking for the glow from their city lights on the night side of their planet.

Observatories such as the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and the European Extremely Large Telescope (EELT) could begin the search for civilisations with extremely bright night lights by the end of the decade. Although, whether these extra-terrestrial city searching teams are granted time on these great observatories remains to be seen.

Recently, the University of Nottingham’s student radio station URN did a show on the possibility of alien life in the universe. Listen to it below and check out the other podcasts in the Science Show series.

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News: 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics – Mystery of the Accelerating Universe

Last week the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded by the The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to three physicists for their discovery that the expansion of the universe is speeding up. Saul Perlmutter, Brian Schmidt and Adam Riess observed supernovae (exploding stars) at different distances and different times in the universe’s past. They measured how fast they were moving away from us and discovered that contrary to popular belief, the expansion of the universe has been, and still is, accelerating.

Before this ground breaking work, it was thought that the expansion of the universe was actually slowing down. This discovery, made around a decade ago, meant that something was causing the acceleration of the universe to increase; the universe must be bathed in an exotic form of energy that pushes space apart – dark energy. This is in contrast to the normal matter we experience every day, as well as dark matter, which alters space in such a way that matter is attracted to other matter. The mystery of this accelerating force has already been under investigation for a decade and those who answer the question will surely be in line for a Nobel Prize.

Read more: BBC News, New Scientist, Nobel Prize

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Neutrino Oscillations: A Mathematical Introduction

Neutrinos have recently flooded the headlines with a result that may be a hint of hidden extra dimensions, a hint that we may have the wrong view of our universe or even a hint that we don’t know the distance between France and Italy! Today we discuss neutrino oscillation and the history behind it…

These last weeks have forced neutrinos into the spotlight with the suggestion that they could travel faster than the speed of light. If such a suggestion gains any momentum it could overturn our current way of thinking about the universe. On the other hand, it could simply be a miscalculation of the distance between source and detector – that’s science! What the story did do though is widen knowledge about particle physics and in particular the mysterious particles known as neutrinos. Continue reading

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News: Have physicists caught neutrinos breaking the universal speed limit?

A few days ago a group of scientists published results from their experiment that appeared to show that neutrinos travelled faster than the speed of light, which Einstein’s theory of special relativity says is the cosmic speed limit – nothing could and nothing should travel faster than the speed of light, or 299,792,458 metres per second.

Neutrinos are weakly interacting elementary particles that are able to pass through ordinary matter such as you and the Earth with almost no effect. There are thought to be three known types of neutrino – the electron neutrino, the muon neutrino and the tau neutrino, the last of which was discovered in 2000. During any one second, around 70 billion neutrinos are passing through one of your fingernails and nearly all of those neutrinos were produced by our Sun.

The OPERA experiment was designed to look at both the speed of neutrinos as well as how the neutrinos change into the other types over distances. This changing of neutrino type, or flavour, is known as neutrino oscillation. To do this, the team fires muon neutrinos produced at CERN on the Swiss-French border at a detector near the Gran Sasso mountain in Italy. Between the source and detector, the muon neutrinos change, or oscillate, into tau neutrinos which are then detected.

A discovery that anything is travelling faster than the speed of light will be the most profound discovery in the last hundred years, but surprisingly it doesn’t have to mean Einstein was wrong. There are theories out there that support particles travelling at speeds faster than light that incorporate extra dimensions.

It has to be stressed that at the moment, the scientists working on the OPERA experiment are not claiming they have evidence for such a theory. They have tried to find ways to explain their results and have not been able to. Their reason for publishing the results is to allow the wider scientific community to scrutinise and discuss the findings and try to explain the faster-than-light result they have produced.

Read more: BBC News, PhysOrg, Guardian

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News: New views of Apollo landing sites remind us we walked on the Moon; show we didn’t walk far

NASA have recently released new higher resolution images of some of the Apollo landing sites that show our physical legacy on the Moon in more detail than ever before. NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) is currently orbiting the Moon creating three dimensional maps of its surface from which potential landing sites for future manned and robotic missions will hopefully be identified.

The Apollo program landed six missions on the Moon between 1969 and 1972 whilst also resulting in 12 men walking on the surface of the Moon; the first, last and only times human beings have set foot on another celestial body.

Images released by NASA show the Apollo 12, 14 and 17 landing sites in unprecedented detail allowing us to see decent stages, the paths created by astronauts’ footprints and the final resting place and tracks of the lunar rover used by astronauts to explore the Moon’s surface. Click the images to see them in more detail!

Read More: NASA, PhysOrg

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Charles Messier’s famous list of 110 astronomical objects to ignore and why he was wrong

Today we look at just a few of the breathtaking 110 astronomical objects that Charles Messier catalogued so that he could ignore them in his search for comets…

An eighteenth century French astronomer by the name of Charles Messier produced a catalogue of objects in the night sky that he just wasn’t interested in. He was a comet hunter. Searching for the balls of rock and ice that orbit the Sun over tens, hundreds and even hundreds of thousands of years, Messier wanted to easily distinguish the frustratingly comet-like objects that appeared static in the night sky from actual comets that danced across the sky and that were so sought after. Messier himself compiled a list of 102 objects that was later added to using Messier’s own notes.

These objects were mostly star clusters, galaxies, nebulae and supernova remnants and while it was created so that other comet hunters like himself could ignore them, astronomers today regularly train their telescopes on these objects and in doing so set eyes on some of the most breathtaking sights in the observable universe. Here we look at some of the most interesting of the 110 objects that Messier wanted us to ignore, and explain the origins behind their formation and creation. Continue reading

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